'sejarah internet'

Internet merupakan jaringan komputer yang dibentuk oleh Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat di tahun 1969, melalui proyek ARPA yang disebut ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), di mana mereka mendemonstrasikan bagaimana dengan hardware dan software komputer yang berbasis UNIX, kita bisa melakukan komunikasi dalam jarak yang tidak terhingga melalui saluran telepon. Proyek ARPANET merancang bentuk jaringan, kehandalan, seberapa besar informasi dapat dipindahkan, dan akhirnya semua standar yang mereka tentukan menjadi cikal bakal pembangunan protokol baru yang sekarang dikenal sebagai TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).

Tujuan awal dibangunnya proyek itu adalah untuk keperluan militer. Pada saat itu Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat (US Department of Defense) membuat sistem jaringan komputer yang tersebar dengan menghubungkan komputer di daerah-daerah vital untuk mengatasi masalah bila terjadi serangan nuklir dan untuk menghindari terjadinya informasi terpusat, yang apabila terjadi perang dapat mudah dihancurkan.

Pada mulanya ARPANET hanya menghubungkan 4 situs saja yaitu Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Utah, di mana mereka membentuk satu jaringan terpadu di tahun 1969, dan secara umum ARPANET diperkenalkan pada bulan Oktober 1972. Tidak lama kemudian proyek ini berkembang pesat di seluruh daerah, dan semua universitas di negara tersebut ingin bergabung, sehingga membuat ARPANET kesulitan untuk mengaturnya.

Oleh sebab itu ARPANET dipecah manjadi dua, yaitu "MILNET" untuk keperluan militer dan "ARPANET" baru yang lebih kecil untuk keperluan non-militer seperti, universitas-universitas. Gabungan kedua jaringan akhirnya dikenal dengan nama DARPA Internet, yang kemudian disederhanakan menjadi Internet.

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Internet

Linking Verbs

A linking verb connects a subject to a subject complement which identifies or describes the subject, as in the following sentences:

The play is Waiting for Godot.

In this sentence, the linking verb "is" links the noun phrase "the play" to the identifying phrase "Waiting for Godot," which is called a subject complement.

Some of us thought that the play was very good.

In this sentence, the verb "was" links the subject complement "very good" to subject "the play."

Others thought it became tedious after the first fifteen minutes.

In this sentence, the linking verb "became" links the subject "it" to the subject complement "tedious." The phrase "after the first fifteen minutes" functions as an adverb modifying the clause "it became tedious."

The cast appears disorganised and confused; perhaps Beckett intended this.

Here "appears" is functioning as a linking verb that connects the subject "the cast" to its subject complement "disorganised and confused."

The play seems absurd to me.

The subject "the play" is joined to its subject complement "absurd" by the linking verb "seems."
Linking verbs are either verbs of sensation ("feel," "look," "smell," "sound," "taste") or verbs of existence ("act," "appear," "be," "become," "continue," "grow," "prove," "remain," "seem," "sit," "strand," "turn").
Many linking verbs (with the significant exception of "be") can also be used as transitive or intransitive verbs. In the following pairs of sentences, the first sentence uses the highlighted verb as a linking verb and the second uses the same verb as either a transitive or an intransitive verb:

Linking

Griffin insists that the water in Winnipeg tastes terrible.

In this sentence, the adjective "terrible" is a subject complement that describes a quality of the water.

Transitive

I tasted the soup before adding more salt.

Here the noun phrase "the soup" identifies what "I tasted." "The soup" is the direct object of the verb "tasted."

Linking

My neighbour's singing voice sounds very squeaky despite several hours of daily practice.

In this example, the phrase "very squeaky" is a subject complement that describes or identities the nature of the "singing voice."

Transitive

Upon the approach of the enemy troops, the gate-keeper sounded his horn.

Here the verb "sounded" takes a direct object, the noun phrase "his horn."

Linking

Cynthia feels queasy whenever she listens to banjo music.

In this sentence, the adjective "queasy" is a subject complement that describes Cynthia.

Transitive

The customer carefully feels the fabric of the coat.

Here the noun phrase "the fabric of the coat" is the direct object of the verb "feels" and identifies what the customer feels.
Written by Heather MacFadyen

Tricky Points of Pronoun Usage

This section covers some relatively tricky points which are no longer standard in spoken English, though many people still insist upon them in formal writing.

Pronouns in Apposition

A pronoun should also be in the subject case when it is in apposition to a subject or subject complement, and in the object case when it is in apposition to the object of a verb, verbal, or preposition:

[RIGHT] Three craftspeople -- Mary, Albert, and he -- made the accessory for Jerry.

The phrase "Mary, Albert, and he" is in apposition to "craftspeople," the subject of the sentence.

[RIGHT] The accessory was made by three craftspeople, Mary, Albert, and him.

The phrase "Mary, Albert, and him" is still in apposition to the noun "craftspeople," but that noun has become the object of the preposition "by," so the pronoun "him" is in the object case.

[RIGHT] The three craftspeople involved were Mary, Albert, and she.

The pronoun "she" is part of the subject complement, so it is in the subject case.

"Us" and "we" before a Noun

A first-person plural pronoun used with a noun takes the case of the noun. If the noun functions as a subject, the pronoun should be in the subject case; if the noun functions as an object, the pronoun should be in the object case:

We rowdies left the restaurant late.

The restaurant owner mumbled at all us slow eaters.

Using 'than' or 'as' in a Comparison

In elliptical comparisons, where the writer has left some words out of a sentence, the case of the pronoun at the end of the sentence determines its meaning. When a sentence ends with a subjective pronoun, the pronoun must serve as the subject of the omitted verb. When a sentence ends with an objective pronoun, the pronoun must serve as the object of the omitted verb:

Elliptical

Ruth likes Jerry better than I.

Complete

Ruth likes Jerry better than I like Jerry.

Elliptical

Ruth likes Jerry better than me.

Complete

Ruth likes Jerry better than she likes me.

Written by Dorothy Turner

i doN't ♥ yoU

Well when you go
Don’t ever think I’ll make you try to stay
And maybe when you get back
I’ll be off to find another way


When after all this time that you still owe
You’re still, the good-for-nothing I don’t know
So take your gloves and get out
Better get out
While you can

When you go
Would you even turn to say
"I don’t love you
Like I did
Yesterday"


Sometimes I cry so hard from pleading
So sick and tired of all the needless beating
But baby when they knock you
Down and out
It’s where you oughta stay


And after all the blood that you still owe
Another dollar’s just another blow

So fix your eyes and get up
Better get up
While you can

Whoa, whooa
When you go
Would you even turn to say
"I don’t love you
Like I did
Yesterday"


Well come on, come on

When you go
Would you have the guts to say
"I don’t love you
Like I loved you
Yesterday"

I don’t love you
Like I loved you
Yesterday

I don’t love you
Like I loved you
Yesterday

AyaH..

Ayah !!

Musim kemarau tlah berlalu

Kini berganti dengan musim hujan yang panjang

Daun-daun mulai bersemi,

Begitu juga rumput-rumput kecil yang mulai tumbuh mempesona,

Ayah !!

Kini aku jauh darimu,

Jauh dari sapa dan tutur katamu

Yang setiap saat kau tujukan padaku

Ayah !!

Apa kau merindukanku ?

Mengingatku disela waktu kerjamu,

Disela setiap hal yang kau lakukan ?

Disini terpaksa kugadaikan rinduku

Karna aku tak mampu menemuimu dan mengecup tanganmu.

Keadaan ini terlalu menyekat perasaan ku,

Namun, senyum dan nasihatmu yang melekat erat disanubariku

Terlalu tegar disapu angin pada musim hujan ini,

Hari-hari ku terasa sunyi tanpa kau ada disisiku,

Sunyi dan gersang !!!

Gersang yang kian beterbangan disetiap mataku

Menjelma luka tanpa darah ,

Tangis yang begitu nestapa.

Dan selalu saja butiran bening itu menganak hulu dari mata.

Merengguk tangismu yang mengiang dulu..

Ayah !!

Tangisku selalu tumpah ketika serak suaramu selalu hadir dalam benakku.

Maafkan aku ayah,

Mungkin nespa karena kirian dariku kurang.

Tajam sorot matamu tak mampu ku tumpulkan.

Aku hanya mampu menghela nafas berat

Melepas butiran air mata yang mengalir mulus diatas pipi

Kuharap kau bersabar dan mau mengerti keadaanku yang tidak mampu ini !

Ayah !!

Bagaimana kabar ibu dan adik-adik ?

Sunyi dihati menggebu saja bila ku lihat bocah seperti mereka berseliweran bermain,

Selalu kutangkap bayang-bayang putih mereka berkerudung melintas didepan rumah.

Yang ku minta hanya do’a dan lapang dadamu melepasku menuntut ilmu.

Karena ku yakin do’amu akan menembus langit tujuh,dan mengibas awan-awan perjalananku

Ayah !!

Di akhir pena ku,

Aku tetap angkuh mengusung do’a dan restumu.

Deru-deru mesin yang berlalu lalang pulang pergi tak luput kutanyakan namamu yang kupatri dalam dada .

Walau tsunami menganyang tubuhku aku akan tetap mengepal namamu ayah .

Ayah !!

Engkau tempat peraduan terakhirku

saat musim mengaparkan perjalanan.

Jan’ 2007

Untuk ayah tersayang